Transmission Line Theory
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This stuff is pretty physics heavy and I don't think I ever fully understood the derivations. Luckily I don't need to understand the derivations, just trust that the models work. The following diagrams are revised from my notes from ELEC 311.
Following Newton's 3rd law, waves that hit an open circuit have nowhere to go and therefore must reflect perfectly back along the transmission line. The result is no net current and a perfect standing wave.
Through mysterious derivations we eventually arrive at the simplified model (4) where the characteristic impedance represents the minimum load that could be if there were no actual load (ZL) attached to the output node.